A very short brief on GST

Author, Athar Mudasir.
Overview of GST Introduction Taxation  is  one  of  the  vital  components  of  development  of  any  country.  The  revenue from  taxation  is  used  to  finance  public  goods  and  services  such  as  infrastructure, sanitation,  transportation  and  all  other  amenities  which  are  provided  by  the government.  From  the  view  of  economists,  a  tax  is  a  non-penal,  yet  compulsory  transfer of  resources  from  the  private  to  the  public  sector  levied  on  a  basis  of  predetermined criteria  and  without  reference  to  specific benefit  received.  Each  rupee of  tax  contributed helps  Government  to  provide  better  infrastructure,  rural  revival  and  social  well-being. Taxation  is  also  considered  as  a  major  tool  available  to  Government  for  removing poverty  and  inequality  from  the  society.  On  the  other  hand,  tax  reform  is  an  essential component  of  any  comprehensive  strategy  for  structural  adjustment  &  the  resumption of  growth.  (Chibber&khalilzadehShirazi 1988)  There  are  two  types  of  taxes  which  are  levied  in  India  and  they  are;  Direct  tax,  which  is levied  directly  to  an  individuals  income  in  the  form  of  Income  Tax  and  Indirect  tax,  that is  paid  indirectly  by  the  final  consumer  of  goods  and  services  while  paying  for  purchase of  goods  or  for  enjoying  services.  Although  the  immediate  liability  to  pay  tax  falls  upon another  person such  as manufacturer,  provider  of  services or  seller  of  goods.   Constitution  of  India  is  the foundation and  source of  powers to  legislate all laws  in  India. The  authority  to  levy  a  tax  is  derived  from  the  Constitution  of  India  which  allocates  the power  to  levy  various  taxes  between  the  Central  and  the  State.  Article  246  of  the  Indian Constitution,  distributes  legislative  powers  including  taxation,  between  the  Parliament of  India  and  the  State  Legislatures.  In  the  previous  tax  regime,  the  Centre  had  the powers  to  levy  tax  on  the  manufacture  of  goods  (except  alcoholic  liquor  for  human consumption,  opium,  narcotics  etc.)  while  the  States  had  the  powers  to  levy  tax  on  the sale  of  goods.  In  the  case  of  inter-State  sales,  the  Centre  had  the  power  to  levy  a  tax  (the Central  Sales  Tax)  but,  the  tax  was  collected  and  retained  entirely  by  the  States.  As  for services,  it  was the  Centre alone that was  empowered  to levy  service  tax.   Broadly,  the  previous  Indirect  tax  regime  can  be  looked  at  from  the  point  of  view  of Central and State laws.  For  the Central Government,  Central Excise,  Customs and Service tax  were  the  three  main  components  of  indirect  taxes.    While  for  State  Government, Value  Added  Tax  (VAT)  and  CST  were  the  major  taxes  along  with  Octroi,  Entertainment Tax etc.   Introduction  of  the  Value  Added  Tax  was  considered  to  be  a  major  step  and  important breakthrough  in  the  sphere  of  indirect  tax  reforms  in  India.  Despite  the  success  of  VAT, there  were  certain  shortcomings  in  the  structure  of  VAT.  The  reasons  for  such shortcomings  were  the  form  of  mosaic  of  taxes  being  levied  on  goods  and  services,  such as  luxury  tax,  entertainment  tax,  etc.,  not  subsumed  in  the  VAT  thereby  marginalizing the benefits of  comprehensive tax credit  mechanism.   The  previous  tax  regime  has  remained  inefficient  in  fully  removing  the  cascading  effect of  taxes.  Besides,  there  were  several  other  taxes,  which  both  the  Central  Government and  the  State  Government  levied  on  production,  manufacture  and  distributive  trade, where  no  set-off  was  available  in  the  form  of  input  tax  credit.  These  taxes  added  to  the cost of  goods and  services through "tax  on tax"  which  the final consumer had  to bear.  

Story of Oil; Middle East and West

Before the discovery of oil

On January 15, 1902, Ibn Saud took Riyadh from the Rashid tribe. In 1913, his forces captured the province of al-Hasa, from the Ottoman Turks. In 1922, he completed his conquest of the Nejd, and in 1925, he conquered the Hijaz. In 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed with Ibn Saud as king.^[1] Without stability in the region, the search for oil would have been difficult, as evidenced by early oil exploration in neighbouring countries such as Yemen and Oman.^[2]
Prior to 1938, there were three main factors that triggered the search for oil in Arabia:

• The discovery of oil by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company at Masjid-i-Sulaiman in the mountains of north-western Persia in 1908; but the consensus of geological opinion at the time was that there was no oil on the Arabian peninsula, although there were rumours of an oil seepage at Qatif on the eastern seaboard of al-Hasa, the eastern province of Arabia.
• The demand for oil during World War I. It became obvious that oil was going to be a crucial resource in warfare for the foreseeable future.^[1] Examples that proved this were “General Gallieni’s commandeering of the Paris taxi fleet to ferry soldiers to the front. This happened when the city seemed about to fall”.^[3] In addition to this, Germany’s shortage of oil supplies hindered their ability to produce aircraft, automobiles, and engines. The allies took advantage of this by producing thousands of vehicles to aid their war effort.^[3]
• The onset of the Great Depression. Prior to the depression, a major source of income for the ruler of Hijaz was the taxes paid by pilgrims on their way to the holy cities. After the depression hit, the number of pilgrimages per year fell from 100,000 to below 40,000.^[1] This hurt their economy greatly and they needed to find alternate sources of income. This caused Ibn Saud to get serious about the search for oil.

Initial search

In 1922, Ibn Saud met a New Zealand mining engineer named Major Frank Holmes. During World War I, Holmes had been to Gallipoli and then Ethiopia, where he first heard rumours of the oil seeps of the Persian Gulf region.^[1] He was convinced that much oil would be found throughout the region. After the war, Holmes helped to set up Eastern and General Syndicate Ltd in order, among other things, to seek oil concessions in the region.
In 1923, the king signed a concession with Holmes allowing him to search for oil in eastern Saudi Arabia. Eastern and General Syndicate brought in a Swiss geologist to evaluate the land but he claimed that searching for oil in Arabia would be “a pure gamble”.^[1] This discouraged the major banks and oil companies from investing in Arabian oil ventures.
In 1925, Holmes signed a concession with the sheikh of Bahrain, allowing him to search for oil there. He then proceeded to the United States to find an oil company that might be interested in taking on the concession. He found help from Gulf Oil. In 1927, Gulf Oil took control of the concessions that Holmes made years ago. But Gulf Oil was a partner in the Iraq Petroleum Company, which was jointly owned by Royal Dutch/Shell, Anglo-Persian, the Compagnie Française des Pétroles, and "the Near East Development Company, representing the interests of the American companies.^[3] The partners had signed up to the “Red Line Agreement” which meant that Gulf Oil was precluded from taking up the Bahrain concession without the consent of the other partners; and they declined.^[1] Despite a promising survey in Bahrain, Gulf Oil was forced to transfer its interest to another company, Standard Oil of California (SOCAL), which was not a bound by the Red Line Agreement.^[4]
Meanwhile Ibn Saud had dispatched American mining engineer Karl Twitchell to examine eastern Arabia. Twitchell found encouraging signs of oil, asphalt seeps in the vicinity of Qatif, but advised the king to await the outcome of the Bahrain No.1 well before inviting bids for a concession for al-Hasa.^[5] To the American engineers working in Bahrain, standing on the Jebel Dukhan and gazing across a twenty-mile (32 km) stretch of the Persian Gulf at the Arabian Peninsula in the clear light of early morning, the outline of the low Dhahran hills in the distance were an obvious oil prospect.
On 31 May 1932, the SOCAL subsidiary, the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) struck oil on Bahrain.^[1] The discovery brought fresh impetus to the search for oil on the Arabian peninsula.
Negotiations for an oil concession for al-Hasa province opened at Jeddah in March, 1933. Twitchell attended with lawyer Lloyd Hamilton on behalf of SOCAL. The Iraq Petroleum Company represented by Stephen Longrigg competed in the bidding but SOCAL was granted the concession on 23 May 1933. Under the agreement, SOCAL was given “exploration rights to some 930,000 square kilometers of land for 60 years”.^[1] Soon after the agreement, geologists arrived in al-Hasa and the search for oil was underway.

Discovery of oil

SOCAL set up a subsidiary company, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC) to develop the oil concession. SOCAL also joined forces with the Texas Oil Company when together they formed CALTEX in 1936 to take advantage of the latter’s formidable marketing network in Africa and Asia.
When CASOC geologists surveyed the concession area, they identified a promising site and named it Dammam No. 7, after a nearby village. Over the next three years, the drillers were unsuccessful in making a commercial strike, but chief geologist Max Steineke persevered. He urged the team to drill deeper, even when Dammam No. 7 was plagued by cave-ins, stuck drill bits and other problems, before the drillers finally struck oil on 3 March 1938.^[6] This discovery would turn out to be first of many, eventually revealing the largest source of crude oil in the world.^[7] For the king, oil revenues became a crucial source of wealth since he no longer had to rely on receipts from pilgrimages to Mecca. This discovery would alter Middle Eastern political relations forever.

Changes to the original concession

In 1943, the name of the company in control in Saudi Arabia was changed to Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO). In addition, numerous changes were made to the original concession after the striking of oil. In 1939, the first modification gave the Arabian American Oil Company a greater area to search for oil and extended the concession until 1949, increasing the original deal by six years. In return, ARAMCO agreed to provide the Saudi Arabian government with large amounts of free kerosene and gasoline, and to pay higher payments than originally stipulated.
Beginning in 1950, the Saudi Arabian government began a pattern of trying to increase government shares of revenue from oil production. In 1950, a fifty-fifty profit-sharing agreement was signed, whereby a tax was levied by the government. This tax considerably increased government revenues. The government continued this trend well into the ‘80s. By 1982, ARAMCO’s concession area was reduced to 220,000 square kilometers, down from the original 930,000 square kilometers. By 1988, ARAMCO was officially bought out by Saudi Arabia and became known as Saudi Aramco.

Tapline

Due to the quantity of the oil in Saudi Arabia, construction of pipelines became necessary to increase efficiency of production and transport. ARAMCO soon realized that “advantages of a pipeline to the Mediterranean Sea seemed obvious, saving about 3,200 kilometers of sea travel and the transit fees of the Suez Canal”.^[8] In 1945, the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company (Tapline) was started and was completed in 1950. The pipeline greatly increased efficiency of oil transport, but also had its shortcomings. Issues concerning taxes and damages plagued it for years. It had to be shut down numerous times for repairs, and by 1983 was officially shut down.^[8]

1973 Arab-Israeli War

This conflict was also known as the Yom Kippur War. This was a conflict between Egypt, Syria and their backers versus Israel. The conflict was the continuation of a troubling historical pattern of conflict between Israel and the Arab world. Because the United States was a supporter of Israel, the Arab countries participated in an oil boycott of Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[9] This boycott later includes Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. This was one of the major causes of the 1973 energy crisis that occurred in the United States.^[10] After the completion of the war, the price of oil increased drastically allowing Saudi Arabia to gain much wealth and power.

Fragrance Embedded

the fragrance has spread to vast fields,
The tilth is ready for reaping,
The showers of tears have pondered and nourished the soil,
The deep appetite of breaking the chains,
The spring has come after decades,
Vis is again in fraternity,
The commons have outraged,
The blossoms nourish the bees of life,
I wonder is this TIME!!!!!!! Or just triffle...............

The Enemy Beside YOU!!!!

Author Athar Mudasir

Infected appetite of human discourse

The discourse of mankind has altogether gone with the exchange of idea, language, geography, society, community and religion. but during its tenure it has ever been brutal, competitive, acquisitive and it had never changed, though our systems of sociology has fully radicalized and speculative changed but the brutality, competitiveness has never changed. man has created or developed an society which consists of vast and variety institution which include political, social, economical, technological, educational, legal, religious and almost every institution which are directly or indirectly synchronized and influence our every aspect of life with a common object of materialism. when ever whoso rejected the doctrines of greed and self-centered they have been isolated , murdered, oppressed, depressed, mutilated. it signifies greed of power and politics of individual and its role and importance in system which perceives others to oppose the entity against him, thus endorses whole system.


S/d
Athar Mudasir cs

Age of darkness

author; Athar Mudasir (mcom)

                                   

The world in modern contemporary world after world war 2 got slipped into neo liberalism notion and substantially ended British imperialism and dominance both in political and economic aspects but the steep evil of colonisation remained standing under concurrency of united states and new pervert of colonisation formed under Globalization.

The Globalism formed a new world order where all the economic, political and social factors got influenced and indulged into US dominance. The Us took a very crucial steps to encompass all the power elements. politically Globalization of world was done by reducing british colonies and forming UNO where most of the nation of world got enlisted and adjusted accordingly on the parameters of UNO and acted as bridle on them. While  economic globalization was done by forming world bank and IMF which gave loans for both short term and long term and hence made them debt slaves. Meanwhile Us fashion got enhanced and spread almost to whole world euther it be dress, education, standards.

It's not about just criticising their great and deceptive legacy in world dominance but to highlight that the common mans pursuit of life, which has been always deceited by power elements. Today this globalism colonisation has plundered world into vast scarcity of material, human resources. Most of nations have bubble burst of economy. Today world is in same position as it was in 1919 where contingencies and undisturbed and uncontrollable drivers are endeavoring to shape the history and maintain their legacy irrespective of host and other poor countries. The world has and will move again into the great or destructive warfare. But unfortunately at the end men will learn nothing and common man's life will be in same deception.

No country nor nation is working for peace as it goes against their their selfish objective

The Political and Social Reconstruction of the World in 19th century.

The Political and Social Reconstruction of the World in 19^th century.

Author, Athar Mudasir (mcom)

The Political and Social Reconstruction of the Modern  World is based on historical and empirical plan, conceived with deception and conspiracy, which do not permit us to enter into the facts which are complicated and acrimonious disputes and centre of the problem; The capitalism, the imperialism , the Nationalism and  the treaties, and particularly of the treaty of Versailles, which concluded the Great War. We shall comprehend that conflict which asserted to be most terrible and enormous as it was, ended at nothing, began with nothing and settled nothing. It killed millions of people; it wasted vast material and natural resources and impoverished the world. It ruined many nations especially Russia. It was at best an acute and frightful reminder that the modern world we were and are living was based on foolish and confused doctrines and ideas, without much plan or foresight in a dangerous, self centered and unsympathetic universe.

The conflicts and defeats of the war, The Germans, Austrians, Turks and Bulgarians were permitted no share in its deliberations; they were only to accept the decisions as dictated to them. From the point of view of human welfare the choice of the place of meeting was particularly unfortunate. It was at Versailles in 1871 that, with every circumstance of triumphant vulgarity, the new German Empire had been proclaimed. The suggestion of a melodramatic reversal of that scene, in the same Hall of Mirrors, was overpowering once again. The leaders and populations of the victorious countries were acutely aware of their own losses and sufferings, and entirely regardless and ignoring of the fact that the defeated had also paid in the like manner. The war had arisen as a natural and inevitable consequence of the competitive nationalisms of Europe and the absence of any Federal adjustment of these competitive forces; war is the necessary logical consummation of independent sovereign nationalities living in too small an area with too powerful an armament; and if the great war had not come in the form it did it would have come in some similar form-just as it will certainly return upon a still more disastrous scale in twenty or thirty years' time if no political unification anticipates and prevents it. States organized for war will make wars as surely as hens will lay eggs, but the feeling of these distressed and war-worn countries disregarded this fact, and the whole of the defeated peoples were treated as morally and materially responsible for all the damage, as they would no doubt have treated the victor peoples had the issue of war been different. The French and English thought the Germans were to blame, the Germans thought the Russians, French and English were to blame, and only an intelligent minority thought that there was anything to blame in the fragmentary political constitution of Europe. The treaty of Versailles was intended to be exemplary and vindictive; it provided tremendous penalties for the vanquished; it sought to provide compensations for the wounded and suffering victors by imposing enormous debts upon nations already bankrupt, and its attempts to reconstitute international relations by the establishment of a League of Nations against war were manifestly insincere and inadequate.